What it means: UKHSA’s estimate of how many more people died during heat episodes than would normally be expected, mostly people aged 75 and over. The estimate is uncertain: for the latest summer the likely range is 936 to 2,072. Summer 2025 was the UK’s warmest on record, but fewer people died than the hot weather would have predicted. Reports before 2023 used a slightly different method. Deaths from flooding and storms are too few and too scattered for an official yearly count. Shown for context.

Source: UKHSA, heat mortality monitoring reports, England, 2020 to 2025.