What it means: public spending on health across the UK, including the NHS, divided by the population, with all years in 2025-26 prices. The 2020-21 peak is Covid spending such as testing and vaccines. It does not show what that money buys: an older population needs more care for the same spending.

Source: HM Treasury, PESA 2026, table 4.3 (health, real terms); population from ONS mid-year estimates, series UKPOP.